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      抽象工厂模式(Abstract Factory)：抽象工厂
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	Posted on <a href="/2016/01/23/Abstract-Factory-abstract-factory/" class="article-date">
	  <time datetime="2016-01-23T09:12:30.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">January 23, 2016</time>
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        <blockquote>
<p>提供一个接口，让该接口负责创建一系列“相关或相互依赖的对象”，无需指定他们的具体类。      ————GoF</p>
</blockquote>
<p>　　在抽象工厂中有两种抽象存在：系列的抽象、产品的抽象。<a id="more"></a></p>
<p><img src="/image/Design Pattern/design pattern15.png" alt=""></p>
<p>　　在这个类图中，<em>ConcreteFactory1</em>和<em>ConcreteFactory2</em>是系列的抽象，<em>AbstractProductA</em>和<em>AbstractProductB</em>是产品的抽象。<br>　　当客户端创建了<em>AbstractFactory</em>这个抽象工厂时，调用<em>ConcreteFactory1</em>和<em>ConcreteFactory2</em>创建出不同的产品A1、B1和A2、B2。</p>
<p><img src="/image/Design Pattern/design pattern16.png" alt=""></p>
<p><strong>实现要点</strong>：<br>　　抽象工厂将产品对象的创建延迟到它的具体工厂的子类。<br>　　通常在运行时创建一个具体工厂类的实例，这一具体工厂的创建具有特定实现的产品对象，为了创建不同的产品对象，客户应使用不同的工厂。<br>　　把工厂作为单件，一个应用中一般每个产品系列只需要一个具体的工厂实例，因此，工厂通常最好实现为一个单例模式。<br>　　创建产品，抽象工厂声明一个创建产品的接口，真正创建产品是由具体工厂类创建的，最通常的办法是为每一个产品定义一个工厂方法，一个具体的工厂将为每个产品重定义该工厂方法，以指定产品，虽然这样的实现很简单，但是它要求每个产品系列都要有一个新的具体工厂子类，即使这些产品系列的差别很小。</p>
<p><strong>Code</strong>：<br>　　我们假设有两个系列(品牌)和两种产品，客户端只需要调用产品的抽象，而无须知道具体产品的工厂。<br><figure class="highlight cs"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br><span class="line">57</span><br><span class="line">58</span><br><span class="line">59</span><br><span class="line">60</span><br><span class="line">61</span><br><span class="line">62</span><br><span class="line">63</span><br><span class="line">64</span><br><span class="line">65</span><br><span class="line">66</span><br><span class="line">67</span><br><span class="line">68</span><br><span class="line">69</span><br><span class="line">70</span><br><span class="line">71</span><br><span class="line">72</span><br><span class="line">73</span><br><span class="line">74</span><br><span class="line">75</span><br><span class="line">76</span><br><span class="line">77</span><br><span class="line">78</span><br><span class="line">79</span><br><span class="line">80</span><br><span class="line">81</span><br><span class="line">82</span><br><span class="line">83</span><br><span class="line">84</span><br><span class="line">85</span><br><span class="line">86</span><br><span class="line">87</span><br><span class="line">88</span><br><span class="line">89</span><br><span class="line">90</span><br><span class="line">91</span><br><span class="line">92</span><br><span class="line">93</span><br><span class="line">94</span><br><span class="line">95</span><br><span class="line">96</span><br><span class="line">97</span><br><span class="line">98</span><br><span class="line">99</span><br><span class="line">100</span><br><span class="line">101</span><br><span class="line">102</span><br><span class="line">103</span><br><span class="line">104</span><br><span class="line">105</span><br><span class="line">106</span><br><span class="line">107</span><br><span class="line">108</span><br><span class="line">109</span><br><span class="line">110</span><br><span class="line">111</span><br><span class="line">112</span><br><span class="line">113</span><br><span class="line">114</span><br><span class="line">115</span><br><span class="line">116</span><br><span class="line">117</span><br><span class="line">118</span><br><span class="line">119</span><br><span class="line">120</span><br><span class="line">121</span><br><span class="line">122</span><br><span class="line">123</span><br><span class="line">124</span><br><span class="line">125</span><br><span class="line">126</span><br><span class="line">127</span><br><span class="line">128</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">using</span> System;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">using</span> System.Collections.Generic;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">using</span> System.Linq;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">using</span> System.Text;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">using</span> System.Threading.Tasks;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="title">AbstractFactory</span></span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Program</span></span><br><span class="line">    &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="function"><span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">Main</span>(<span class="params"><span class="keyword">string</span>[] args</span>)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">        </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="comment">//客户端只需要知道产品的抽象和工厂的抽象</span></span><br><span class="line">            PC pc = <span class="literal">null</span>;</span><br><span class="line">            Pad pad = <span class="literal">null</span>;</span><br><span class="line">            Producer producer = <span class="literal">null</span>;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="comment">//我们需要哪个系列的产品，就调用该工厂的具体实现(子工厂)</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="comment">//我们这里假设需要联想品牌的产品</span></span><br><span class="line">            producer = <span class="keyword">new</span> LenovoFactory();</span><br><span class="line">            pc = producer.productionPC();</span><br><span class="line">            pad = producer.productionPad();</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">            Console.WriteLine(<span class="string">"电脑是：&#123;0&#125;,平板是：&#123;1&#125;"</span>,pc,pad);</span><br><span class="line">            Console.ReadKey();</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"><span class="doctag">///</span> <span class="doctag">&lt;summary&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"><span class="doctag">///</span> 产品A抽象</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"><span class="doctag">///</span> <span class="doctag">&lt;/summary&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">abstract</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">PC</span></span><br><span class="line">    &#123;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"><span class="doctag">///</span> <span class="doctag">&lt;summary&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"><span class="doctag">///</span> 产品B抽象</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"><span class="doctag">///</span> <span class="doctag">&lt;/summary&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">abstract</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Pad</span></span><br><span class="line">    &#123;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"><span class="doctag">///</span> <span class="doctag">&lt;summary&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"><span class="doctag">///</span> 工厂的抽象</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"><span class="doctag">///</span> <span class="doctag">&lt;/summary&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">abstract</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Producer</span></span><br><span class="line">    &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">//制造PC</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">abstract</span> PC <span class="title">productionPC</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span>;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">//制造平板</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">abstract</span> Pad <span class="title">productionPad</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"><span class="doctag">///</span> <span class="doctag">&lt;summary&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"><span class="doctag">///</span> 系列1的产品A</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"><span class="doctag">///</span> <span class="doctag">&lt;/summary&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">LenovoPC</span> : <span class="title">PC</span></span><br><span class="line">    &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">override</span> <span class="keyword">string</span> <span class="title">ToString</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">        </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">"联想电脑"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"><span class="doctag">///</span> <span class="doctag">&lt;summary&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"><span class="doctag">///</span> 系列2的产品A</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"><span class="doctag">///</span> <span class="doctag">&lt;/summary&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">DellPC</span>:<span class="title">PC</span></span><br><span class="line">    &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">override</span> <span class="keyword">string</span> <span class="title">ToString</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">        </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">"戴尔电脑"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"><span class="doctag">///</span> <span class="doctag">&lt;summary&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"><span class="doctag">///</span> 系列1的产品B</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"><span class="doctag">///</span> <span class="doctag">&lt;/summary&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">LenovoPad</span> : <span class="title">Pad</span></span><br><span class="line">    &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">override</span> <span class="keyword">string</span> <span class="title">ToString</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">        </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">"联想平板电脑"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"><span class="doctag">///</span> <span class="doctag">&lt;summary&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"><span class="doctag">///</span> 系列2的产品B</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"><span class="doctag">///</span> <span class="doctag">&lt;/summary&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">DellPad</span>:<span class="title">Pad</span></span><br><span class="line">    &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">override</span> <span class="keyword">string</span> <span class="title">ToString</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">        </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">"戴尔平板电脑"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"><span class="doctag">///</span> <span class="doctag">&lt;summary&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"><span class="doctag">///</span> 联想工厂</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"><span class="doctag">///</span> <span class="doctag">&lt;/summary&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">LenovoFactory</span> : <span class="title">Producer</span></span><br><span class="line">    &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">override</span> Pad <span class="title">productionPad</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">        </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> LenovoPad();</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">override</span> PC <span class="title">productionPC</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">        </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> LenovoPC();</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"><span class="doctag">///</span> <span class="doctag">&lt;summary&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"><span class="doctag">///</span> 戴尔工厂</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"><span class="doctag">///</span> <span class="doctag">&lt;/summary&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">DellFactory</span> : <span class="title">Producer</span></span><br><span class="line">    &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">override</span> Pad <span class="title">productionPad</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">        </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> DellPad();</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">override</span> PC <span class="title">productionPC</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">        </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> DellPC();</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>运行结果：<br><img src="/image/Design Pattern/design pattern17.png" alt=""></p>
<p>　　在上述代码中，我们的变化点在于创建(new)具体的工厂这一步骤，需要不同的系列的产品，就可以创建不同的子工厂，我们修改一下客户端调用的代码，就可以看出来了：<br><figure class="highlight cs"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">Main</span>(<span class="params"><span class="keyword">string</span>[] args</span>)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">        </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="comment">//客户端只需要知道产品的抽象和工厂的抽象</span></span><br><span class="line">            PC pc = <span class="literal">null</span>;</span><br><span class="line">            Pad pad = <span class="literal">null</span>;</span><br><span class="line">            Producer producer = <span class="literal">null</span>;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="comment">//我们需要哪个系列的产品，就调用该工厂的具体实现(子工厂)</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="comment">//我们这里假设需要联想品牌的产品</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="comment">//producer = new LenovoFactory();</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="comment">//*********戴尔系列产品*************</span></span><br><span class="line">            producer = <span class="keyword">new</span> DellFactory();</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="comment">//**********************************</span></span><br><span class="line">            pc = producer.productionPC();</span><br><span class="line">            pad = producer.productionPad();</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">            Console.WriteLine(<span class="string">"电脑是：&#123;0&#125;,平板是：&#123;1&#125;"</span>,pc,pad);</span><br><span class="line">            Console.ReadKey();</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p><img src="/image/Design Pattern/design pattern18.png" alt=""></p>
<p>　　同样的，我们可以使用反射来动态的实现工厂的创建(new)工作，这样就可以体现设计模式的好处了。</p>
<p><strong>适用性</strong>：<br>　　一个系统不应当依赖于产品类实例如何被创建、组合和表达的细节，这对于所有形态的工厂模式都是重要的。<br>　　这个系统有多于一个产品系列，而系统只需要消费其中的某一个产品系列。<br>　　系统提供一个产品类的库，所有的产品以同样的接口出现，从而使客户端不依赖于实现。</p>
<p><strong>总结</strong>：<br>　　如果没有应对“构建多个产品系列”的需求变化，则没有必要使用抽象工厂模式，这时候使用简单的静态工厂完全可以。<br>　　“系列对象”指的是这些对象之间有相互依赖或相互作用的关系。<br>　　抽象工厂模式主要是应对“新系列”的需求变动，但是缺点是难以应对“新产品”的需求变动。比如说上面的代码例子，我们如果需要添加华硕品牌，只需要继承<em>Producer</em>工厂的抽象就可以了，但是如果添加<em>Phone</em>这个新产品的话，就需要改动好几处工厂代码。<br>　　抽象工厂模式经常和工厂方法模式共同组合来应对“新产品”的需求变化。</p>

      
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